India should integrate quantum solutions into existing digital infrastructure: Venkat Subramaniam, IBM Quantum Lead

India has made strides in quantum technology since the announcement of the National Quantum Mission in 2020 and its allocation of ₹6,000 crore in April last year. In simple terms, quantum computers are designed to handle extremely complex problems that even supercomputers cannot solve. Although the technology is still in its early stages in India, it has immense potential for advancements and problem-solving in various industries, such as defence, banking, high-tech, healthcare, manufacturing, and social good, among others. In an exclusive interview with TechCircle, Venkat Subramaniam, IBM Quantum Lead at IBM Research India, sheds light on India's current position in quantum technology, the challenges before the government and enterprises, and the future of quantum computing in the country. Edited excerpts:

Where does India currently stand on quantum technology?  

The recent announcements of the National Quantum Mission (2020) and the approval and allocation of ₹6,000 crore by the cabinet (2023) has given momentum to India's goal of building an indigenous quantum industry by developing a skilled workforce, fostering a start-up ecosystem, and creating quantum applications. At present, Indian organisations have started exploring the use of quantum computing in sectors such as finance and chemistry. Additionally, there has been an increase in the publication of high-quality research papers by Indian scholars, demonstrating strong academic involvement and innovation in this field. 

On a global scale, 2023 saw the emergence of quantum computers as reliable scientific tools. IBM and UC Berkeley showcased the concept of “quantum utility”, where quantum computers can be used to explore problems beyond the capabilities of classical simulation. Following this experiment, IBM has upgraded its entire fleet of quantum systems to utility-scale processors with over 100 qubits, enabling more extensive exploration. The latest quantum processor, “Heron”, with 133 qubits, offers a five-fold improvement in error reduction compared to the previous processor, “Eagle”, which was used to achieve utility-scale results in June last year. 
 
In terms of India's progress in quantum technologies, where do you see the gaps, and what more needs to be done?  

While India is making progress in quantum computing investments, it faces several challenges in this area of growth. Key among these challenges are the inadequate infrastructure for quantum research, a scarcity of quantum professionals with practical experience in industry-specific problems or scientific research, and insufficient involvement of the industry in identifying and prioritising practical use cases.  

To overcome these obstacles and advance India's capabilities in this field, it is crucial to enhance the quantum research infrastructure, develop dedicated quantum labs and research centres, expand and improve educational programs in quantum technology, and cultivate public-private partnerships. Additionally, applying theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios is vital for honing the skills of the abundant talent pool of entry-level college graduates who are eager to work in quantum computing. 
 
When it comes to Quantum Technology what advantages does India hold?

Indian graduates have a strong foundation in theoretical physics, engineering, computer science, and mathematics — skills that are fundamental for quantum computing. India's growing startup ecosystem also offers a fertile ground for quantum innovation. Moreover, India's established IT industry can provide a supportive platform for the development and application of quantum technologies. However, it is imperative that the available talent engages with practical, real-world use cases from industry and scientific communities. This hands-on experience is crucial for nurturing and refining their skills and is key to transforming theoretical knowledge into impactful solutions and innovations in the field of quantum computing. 
 
How is IBM driving quantum technology in India?

IBM is dedicated to advancing quantum computing in India through various collaborations with clients, as well as through education programs and initiatives. In order to enhance quantum education, research, and development, IBM has partnered with several Indian academic and research institutions to provide them with learning resources, tools, and cloud-based access to IBM quantum computers. This collaboration offers valuable hands-on experience and experimentation opportunities for students, researchers, and faculty members, contributing to the practical understanding and application of quantum computing within the Indian context. The training equips them to address real industry use cases and complex technological challenges, bridging the gap between academic learning and practical application in the rapidly growing field of quantum technology. Additionally, IBM's Quantum Network client, which includes the IBM Quantum Innovation Center at IIT Madras and startup member BosonQ Psi from India, is exploring practical applications in finance and chemistry, aerospace, automotive, manufacturing, biotech, and other areas of interest. 
 
Getting the right skillsets is often a challenge. In your opinion how can the country capitalise on its talent pool?

India's edge in quantum computing is rooted in its established IT sector, a skilled talent pool that’s eager to learn, and strong research institutions known for their innovative capabilities. To capitalise on these strengths, India needs a concerted focus on enhancing its quantum research and development infrastructure through investments.  

Nurturing collaborations between industry and academia to identify, prioritise and solve problems using quantum is imperative for a robust quantum ecosystem and for establishing India's leadership. This approach will drive innovation and showcase India's capacity to contribute significantly to global advancements in quantum technology. 
 
How can quantum technology be effectively implemented in government, businesses, and social good?  

To scale quantum computing, India should focus on four key areas: workforce and enablement, economic development and industry, research and development, and quantum services and infrastructure. It is crucial for India to integrate quantum solutions into existing digital infrastructure or public sector projects, with the aim of addressing real industry challenges. For example, demonstrating the practicality of quantum computing technology in fields such as logistics, finance, and healthcare. Moreover, promoting the adoption of quantum technologies by businesses can greatly enhance its impact across various sectors. A vital strategy for long-term growth involves fostering skills development and encouraging exploration of quantum applications among students and faculty through collaborative research projects. This approach has the potential to stimulate the creation of startups, thereby strengthening the local industry and contributing to the establishment of a robust quantum technology ecosystem in India. 
 
What is the outlook for quantum computing in 2024-25 in India? 

The future of quantum computing in India for 2024-25 looks promising with expected growth in research, talent development, and infrastructure. The national quantum mission will act as a catalyst for progress, boosting activities in collaboration with the government, academia, startups, and the industry. Sectors like finance, healthcare, and materials science will show increased interest in practical applications of quantum computing. India can foster a skilled workforce by making advanced quantum computing platforms more accessible and ensuring participation from various sectors. IBM's 10-year roadmap until 2033 outlines multiple generations of processors and software updates, enabling systems to handle more complex workloads and advancing towards quantum-centric supercomputing.